The alteration of the immunological system that is observed in critical patients, in the elderly, or in situations of chronic stress is accompanied by an inflammatory systemic response measurable with parameters such as inflammatory cytokines or hormonal alterations that are activated in response to "the aggression". Deficits of certain vitamins and trace elements, as well as changes in the intestinal flora with mal-absorption justify the need of a nutrition intervention and the possibility of administering supplements as part of a holistic treatment approach. These interventions have been effective in improving immune-modulation and the functioning of the intestinal epithelium as well as modulating the inflammatory response.

Some of the nutrients most currently studied, such as glutamine, arginine or the omega 3 fatty acids have evidence based support from scientific studies, as well as increasing evidence for the use of pre and probiotics and various antioxidant components such as resveratrol, quercetin, turmeric etc.

Nevertheless, it is important to keep in mind that the possible effects of nutrients or their expected response are also conditioned by individual genetic aspects (Nutrigenetics) and by the expression of these genes (Nutrigenomics).

It is important to consider the limitations that the application and interpretation of the above-mentioned recently incorporated tests results can have. Within the context of patient assessment at the most global level possible, efforts should be directed towards obtaining the maximum amount of information to be utilized as a tool for improving knowledge and treatment of the disease and its potential prevention.